Sewer History: Photos and Graphics

Israel
	The Hasmonean Water Tunnel in Jerusalem, circa 167 BCE. Source:The Western Wall Heritage Foundation, Jerusalem, Israel.
	The Hasmonean Water Tunnel, Jerusalem, circa 167 BCE. Source:The Western Wall Heritage Foundation, Jerusalem, Israel.
	Old water channel alongside the Wailing Wall, Jerusalem, Israel. Photo date 1999. Source: Dave Kirby, Pima County Wastewater Management Department, Tucson, Arizona.
	Ancient drainage system, Jerusalem, Israel. Photo date 1999. Source: Dave Kirby, Pima County Wastewater Management Department, Tucson, Arizona.
	Ancient drainage system, Jerusalem, Israel. Photo date 1999. Source: Dave Kirby, Pima County Wastewater Management Department, Tucson, Arizona.
	Old water channel, Jerusalem, Israel. Photo date 1999. Source: Dave Kirby, Pima County Wastewater Management Department, Tucson, Arizona.
	Old cistern at the south side of the Wailing Wall (below existing grade), Jerusalem, Israel. Photo date 1999. Source: Dave Kirby, Pima County Wastewater Management Department, Tucson, Arizona.
	Precast manholes in Jerusalem, Israel. Photo date 1999. Source: Dave Kirby, Pima County Wastewater Management Dept.
Beit She'an, Israel
Ancient Beit She'an is located in the Jordan Valley south of Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) in a fertile valley with strategic importance. In 63 BCE, the Roman general Pompey established rule in Judea, and Beit She'an (then known as Scythopolis) became a major center. Significant Roman construction began in the 1st century CE and continued until the area came under Muslim control in 635 CE. See www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org for more detailed information.
	Ruin of a Roman latrine from the Byzantine era in Beit She'an, Israel. Source: "Beit She'an -- Capital of the Decapolis," brochure published by the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority, 1996.
	Latrine at Beit She'an, Israel, located between the theatre, a temple area and one of the baths of the town. In this latrine design, a person sat atop two adjacent stone seat segments (with a gap between them) cantilevered out from the wall. This design was easier to build than other Roman designs, with less carving of stone to create the latrine seats. Note the trough for water at floor level in front of the latrine seats. This was probably used to dip sea sponges attached to sticks, which were then used for cleaning. Source: Kay Axhausen, Zurich, Switzerland.
	Ruin of a Roman bathhouse in Beit She'an, Israel. Reconstruction dated to 538 CE. Source: "Beit She'an -- Capital of the Decapolis," brochure published by the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority, 1996.
	Ruin of a Roman fountain in Beit She'an, Israel. Inscriptions date reconstruction to 400 CE. Source: "Beit She'an -- Capital of the Decapolis," brochure published by the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority, 1996.
	Ruin of a Roman bathhouse in Beit She'an, Israel. Source: "Beit She'an -- Capital of the Decapolis," brochure published by the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority, 1996.